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All benchmarks

GPQA Diamond

GPQA Diamond is a graduate-level multiple-choice benchmark in biology, physics, and chemistry. Each question is written by a subject-matter expert and designed so that even domain specialists need careful reasoning to identify the correct answer. We run the same fixed question set across provider endpoints to compare model capability, routing, and the practical cost of solving difficult scientific problems.

Last benchmark run Aug 15, 2026, 4:27 PM UTC

PaperGitHub
Model comparisonCost efficiencyLeaderboardExample problemsWhy we run itWhat scores tell youMethodologyAPI access

Model comparison

Most Accurate

Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview

94.3%

Best Value

Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.7 Flash

$0.015/question

Fastest

Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.7 Flash

43s

Accuracy
Representative-run accuracy, best first.
Cost per question
Average cost per question, cheapest first.
Time per question
Average wall-clock time per question, fastest first.

Cost efficiency

Accuracy vs. cost (Pareto frontier)
One point per model, using default routing (not pinned to a provider) when available. The line is the Pareto frontier: no model beats these on both accuracy and cost.

Leaderboard

Top-level rows use default routing where available; click a row to expand provider-pinned results.

#ModelStd dev
1
Google: Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview
Pareto
94.3%--$0.202.2m16.9k
2
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol Pro
93.8%--$0.441.9m11.8k
3
OpenAI: GPT-5.5
93.3%--$0.302.6m9.96k
4
Google: Gemini 3.5 Flash
Pareto
93.1%--$0.1468s15.1k
5
Google: Gemini 3.6 Flash
Pareto
92.4%--$0.09054s11.9k
6
Google: Gemini 3.7 Flash
Pareto
92.3%--$0.01543s8.07k
7
MoonshotAI: Kimi K3
91.8%±1.2pp$0.135.5m8.66k
8
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
91.4%--$0.1063s3.34k
9
MiniMax: MiniMax M3
91.2%±1.3pp$0.0294.0m22.3k
10
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Luna Pro
90.7%--$0.0472.3m27.6k
11
OpenAI: GPT-5.4
90.4%--$0.151.7m10k
12
Amazon: Nova Micro 1.0
89.7%--$0.211.7m8.03k
13
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Terra
89.6%--$0.02141s3.3k
14
Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.8
89.3%±0.8pp$0.191.6m7.53k
15
Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.7
89.2%±0.4pp$0.231.8m8.89k
16
Claude Opus 5
88.4%±0.8pp$0.1362s4.83k
17
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Luna
Pareto
88.4%--$0.00572s8.13k
18
Google: Gemini 3 Flash Preview
88.2%--$0.134.1m43.7k
19
OpenAI: GPT-5.2
87.9%--$0.132.3m9.43k
20
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813
87.7%--$0.1010.2m35.2k
21
Thinking Machines: Inkling Small
87.2%--$0.0252.9m20.5k
22
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Flash 0731
87.1%±0.9pp$0.0057.7m21.1k
23
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Flash 0423
Pareto
86.7%±1.5pp$0.0043.7m15.7k
24
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Pro
86.6%±1.3pp$0.0396.4m20k
25
Qwen: Qwen3.5 397B A17B
86.3%±1.7pp$0.0303.9m10.5k
26
Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.6
86.1%±1.1pp$0.738.1m29.2k
27
Z.ai: GLM 5.2
86.0%±3.0pp$0.06510.3m28.6k
28
Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.5
85.9%±0.3pp$0.837.0m33.1k
29
OpenAI: GPT-5.1
85.7%--$0.224.1m21.8k
30
MiniMax: MiniMax M2.5
84.6%±1.5pp$0.0124.8m11.2k
31
MiniMax: MiniMax M2.7
84.3%±1.8pp$0.0226.1m17.3k
32
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2.5
84.3%±2.8pp$0.05810.4m23.5k
33
Anthropic: Claude Sonnet 5
84.3%±1.1pp$0.152.5m15.2k
34
MiniMax: MiniMax M2.1
84.2%±2.3pp$0.0152.7m10.6k
35
Xiaomi: MiMo-V2.5-Pro
84.1%±0.7pp$0.0207.3m22.3k
36
Google: Gemma 4 31B
Pareto
83.7%±1.9pp$0.0035.2m8.63k
37
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2.6
83.7%±3.1pp$0.1110.9m31.9k
38
Google: Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite
83.5%--$0.03747s14.8k
39
Z.ai: GLM 4.7
83.5%±2.6pp$0.0416.4m19.5k
40
Anthropic: Claude Sonnet 4.5
83.4%±0.4pp$0.324.8m21k
41
Qwen: Qwen3.5-122B-A10B
83.4%±4.1pp$0.0494.0m21.7k
42
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2 Thinking
83.3%±2.9pp$0.0416.0m15.9k
43
Z.ai: GLM 5.1
83.3%±2.3pp$0.118.1m28.2k
44
OpenAI: GPT-5.4 Mini
83.0%--$0.0621.7m13.7k
45
Qwen: Qwen3.6 35B A3B
82.5%±2.1pp$0.0345.1m34.2k
46
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3.2
82.4%±2.1pp$0.0044.5m9.04k
47
Anthropic: Claude Fable 5
82.3%±0.8pp$0.1643s3.03k
48
NVIDIA: Nemotron 3 Ultra
82.2%±2.3pp$0.0834.0m23.8k
49
Qwen: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B
82.1%±3.6pp$0.0162.9m13.9k
50
Xiaomi: MiMo-V2-Flash
Pareto
80.8%±4.2pp$0.00386s10.7k
51
Google: Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite
80.6%--$0.04382s28.5k
52
Z.ai: GLM 4.6
80.5%±4.0pp$0.0348.0m16.7k
53
OpenAI: GPT-5 Mini
80.5%--$0.0433.9m21.4k
54
OpenAI: GPT-5.3 Chat
80.5%--$0.02424s1.63k
55
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3.1 Terminus
80.5%±2.6pp$0.0083.8m7.7k
56
Qwen: Qwen3 235B A22B Thinking 2507
80.2%±3.1pp$0.0255.2m13k
57
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2.7 Code
79.8%±20.0pp$0.0737.3m19.8k
58
OpenAI: GPT-5.2 Chat
79.8%--$0.03633s2.48k
59
Thinking Machines: Inkling
79.8%--$0.0932.3m23k
60
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3.1
79.7%±2.8pp$0.0094.5m7.59k
61
Meta: Muse Glimmer 30B
79.3%--$0.0254.7m17k
62
DeepSeek: R1 0528
78.9%±1.9pp$0.0318.8m13.2k
63
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3.2 Exp
78.9%±2.7pp$0.0047.4m9.31k
64
Qwen: Qwen3.6 27B
78.8%±4.1pp$0.0648.8m26.1k
65
Google: Gemini 2.5 Pro
78.8%--$0.243.7m24.5k
66
Z.ai: GLM 5
78.4%±6.6pp$0.0617.2m24.7k
67
Xiaomi: MiMo-V2.5
78.4%±5.3pp$0.00710.3m26.8k
68
OpenAI: GPT-5.4 Nano
77.8%--$0.01375s10.4k
69
Qwen: Qwen3.5-9B
77.1%±2.7pp$0.00510.3m32.3k
70
StepFun: Step 3.7 Flash
76.6%--$0.0807.1m69.8k
71
Mistral: Mistral Small 4
76.3%--$0.0183.7m24.1k
72
OpenAI: gpt-oss-120b
75.9%±2.8pp$0.0072.8m13.3k
73
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2 0905
75.8%±1.9pp$0.0091.8m3.27k
74
Qwen: Qwen3 235B A22B Instruct 2507
Pareto
74.8%±2.5pp$0.0032.1m4.44k
75
Anthropic: Claude Sonnet 4
74.7%--$0.272.9m17.8k
76
Auto Router (Beta)
74.7%--$0.0614.3m31.8k
77
Ling-3.0-flash
Pareto
74.7%--$0.0021.5m31.8k
78
Google: Gemma 4 26B A4B
74.6%±2.8pp$0.0076.8m18.9k
79
Qwen: Qwen3 Coder Next
73.1%±2.9pp$0.00863s7.27k
80
Google: Gemini 2.5 Flash
72.2%--$0.0582.1m23.4k
81
Anthropic: Claude Haiku 4.5
71.7%±0.0pp$0.194.0m38.1k
82
Qwen: Qwen3 VL 235B A22B Instruct
70.9%±2.1pp$0.0061.9m3.52k
83
Qwen: Qwen3 Next 80B A3B Instruct
70.9%±2.0pp$0.00658s5.33k
84
Gemma 4 26B A4B IT (free)
68.5%----6.4m6.99k
85
NVIDIA: Nemotron 3.5 Lightning
68.2%--$0.0124.7m47.8k
86
OpenAI: gpt-oss-20b
67.0%±2.2pp$0.0065.5m29.9k
87
OpenAI: GPT-4.1
66.5%--$0.01513s1.69k
88
Z.ai: GLM 4.5 Air
66.0%±6.1pp$0.0124.7m12.8k
89
Qwen: Qwen3 VL 30B A3B Instruct
65.5%±2.0pp$0.0052.7m8.79k
90
OpenAI: GPT-4.1 Mini
64.3%--$0.00432s2.25k
91
Meta: Llama 4 Maverick
Pareto
64.0%±3.7pp$0.00243s1.65k
92
Qwen: Qwen3 30B A3B Instruct 2507
Pareto
63.7%±2.0pp$0.00160s3.83k
93
Qwen: Qwen3 Coder 480B A35B
62.1%±3.0pp$0.00228s1.02k
94
Qwen: Qwen3 30B A3B
61.9%±2.2pp$0.0032.4m7.24k
95
Qwen: Qwen3 32B
61.7%±2.3pp$0.0032.8m8.39k
96
Qwen: Qwen3 14B
61.4%--$0.0124.0m12.8k
97
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3 0324
61.0%±10.1pp$0.00141s1.14k
98
NVIDIA: Nemotron 3 Nano 30B A3B
59.9%±2.8pp$0.0096.7m42.5k
99
Google: Gemini 2.5 Flash Lite
54.2%--$0.0162.2m40.1k
100
Anthropic: Claude Sonnet 4.6
54.0%±0.3pp$0.6210.5m40.9k
101
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3
53.2%--$0.00274s1.7k
102
Qwen: Qwen3 VL 8B Instruct
52.1%±1.7pp$0.0041.8m7.34k
103
Qwen: Qwen3 Coder 30B A3B Instruct
52.0%±0.2pp$0.0041.5m2.72k
104
Z.ai: GLM 4.7 Flash
51.9%±4.0pp$0.0074.8m17.1k
105
OpenAI: GPT-4.1 Nano
Pareto
51.9%--$0.0008314s1.89k
106
OpenAI: GPT-4o (2024-05-13)
50.7%--$0.02411s1.32k
107
Meta: Llama 3.3 70B Instruct
Pareto
49.6%±2.4pp$0.0006437s1.16k
108
OpenAI: GPT-4o
49.5%--$0.01212s1.06k
109
Qwen: Qwen2.5 VL 72B Instruct
46.0%--$0.00159s1.52k
110
OpenAI: GPT-4o-mini
42.4%--$0.00120s1.49k
111
Qwen: Qwen2.5 7B Instruct
Pareto
32.8%--$0.0005336s2.04k
112
Mistral: Mistral Nemo
Pareto
31.6%±2.1pp$0.0000848s363
113
Meta: Llama 3.1 8B Instruct
29.6%±3.6pp$0.0003949s4.25k
114
Sao10K: Llama 3 8B Lunaris
Pareto
26.3%--$0.00006510s605
115
Meta: Llama 3.2 3B Instruct
11.6%--$0.0001530s1.84k

Example problems

GPQA uses four-choice questions that require more than recalling a definition. These representative examples show the format and the range of scientific domains without reproducing items from the benchmark's protected question pool.

Biology

A researcher observes that a membrane protein is synthesized on ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which destination is most consistent with this protein entering the secretory pathway?

  1. A.The cytosol, where it remains soluble
  2. B.The nucleus, after import through a nuclear pore
  3. C.A membrane of the endomembrane system or the cell surface
  4. D.The mitochondrial matrix through a TOM/TIM complex

Answer: C

Ribosomes on the rough ER synthesize proteins destined for secretion or insertion into the endomembrane system, including the plasma membrane.

Physics

A spacecraft is far from other bodies and fires its engine in the direction opposite to its velocity. Ignoring mass loss during the brief burn, what happens immediately to its speed?

  1. A.It increases because the exhaust carries away backward momentum
  2. B.It decreases because the thrust points opposite to its velocity
  3. C.It remains unchanged because thrust only changes direction
  4. D.It becomes zero because the spacecraft is in free space

Why we run this benchmark

GPQA is a broad graduate-level reasoning test across biology, physics, and chemistry, so it gives us a cheap, high-floor signal that a deployment is healthy. A model that normally clears these questions but suddenly drops usually points to something broken in the endpoint or routing rather than the questions themselves.

Because we run the same fixed question set across provider endpoints, a large accuracy gap between providers serving the same model is a quick way to catch a misconfigured or degraded endpoint. The cost and latency columns show what that reasoning quality costs to serve.

What the scores can and can't tell you

GPQA is a narrow, high-difficulty evaluation, not a complete measure of general intelligence or usefulness. A score reflects performance on expert-written multiple-choice science questions and should be considered alongside coding, instruction-following, factuality, and other evaluations.

Scores can be sensitive to sampling settings, answer-position handling, and the number of repeated runs. Small differences may not be meaningful when models have similar sample counts, so the leaderboard includes run variability and cost context rather than presenting accuracy alone.

The benchmark is publicly described, and some questions may eventually appear in training data. We avoid reproducing the private question pool here, but no public benchmark can guarantee that every future evaluation item is uncontaminated.

Methodology

Scores aggregate successful runs, weighted by question count, with a minimum sample threshold per model-provider pair. A model's headline score uses default routing when available; otherwise it falls back to the median provider. Cost, time, and output-token figures are per-question averages from the same runs. Best value is the cheapest Pareto-optimal model within five percentage points of the top score.

GPQA Diamond is described in the original paper. See the docs for routing details, or browse all models to try one.

API access

These scores are available through OpenRouter's public benchmarks API, so you can retrieve the same model-level results programmatically.

GET https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/benchmarks?source=openrouter
Authorization: Bearer <API key>

Use task_type=intelligence to filter to gpqa_diamond. Each item represents one model and includes accuracy, accuracy_stddev, avg_cost_per_task, total_tasks, and last_run_timestamp. See the benchmarks API docs.

Answer: B

An impulse opposite the velocity vector reduces the spacecraft’s momentum and therefore its speed during the burn.

Chemistry

Why does adding a small amount of a common ion generally reduce the solubility of a sparingly soluble ionic solid in water?

  1. A.The common ion increases the solid’s lattice energy
  2. B.The common ion shifts the dissolution equilibrium toward the solid
  3. C.The common ion converts every dissolved ion into a neutral molecule
  4. D.The common ion removes solvent molecules from the solution

Answer: B

The added ion raises the concentration of a dissolution product, so Le Chatelier’s principle shifts the equilibrium toward the undissolved solid.